9.3.1.1 — General

(1) Except as provided in Articles 9.15.1.2. and 9.15.1.3., this Section applies to, (a) concrete or unit masonry foundation walls and concrete footings not subject to surcharge, (i) on stable soils with an allowable bearing pressure of 75 kPa or greater, and (ii) for buildings of wood frame or masonry construction, (b) wood frame foundation walls and wood or concrete footings not subject to surcharge, (i) on stable soils with an allowable bearing pressure of 75 kPa or greater, and (ii) for buildings of wood frame construction, and (c) flat insulating concrete form foundation walls and concrete footings not subject to surcharge, (i) on stable soils with an allowable bearing pressure of 75 kPa or greater, and (ii) for houses of light frame or flat insulating concrete form construction that are not more than 2 storeys in building height, with a maximum floor to floor height of 3 m. (2) Foundations for applications other than as described in Sentence (1) shall be designed in accordance with Section 9.4. (3) Where a foundation is erected on filled ground, peat or sensitive clay, the footing sizes shall be designed in conformance with Section 4.2. (4) For the purpose of Sentence (3), sensitive clay means the grain size of the majority of the particles is smaller than 0.002 mm, including leda clay.

(1) Except as provided in Article 9.20.1.2., this Section applies to, (a) unreinforced masonry and masonry veneer walls not in contact with the ground, where, (i) the height of the walls constructed on the foundation walls does not exceed 11 m, and (ii) the roof or floor assembly above the first storey is not of concrete construction, and (b) flat insulating concrete form walls not in contact with the ground that, (i) have a maximum floor to floor height of 3 m, (ii) are erected in houses not more than 2 storeys in building height, and (iii) are erected in locations where the seismic spectral response acceleration, Sa(0.2), is not greater than 0.4. (2) For walls other than those described in Sentence (1), or where the masonry walls or insulating concrete form walls not in contact with the ground are designed for specified loads on the basis of ultimate and serviceability limit states, Subsection 4.3.2. shall apply.

(1) Cement shall meet the requirements of CSA A3001, “Cementitious Materials for Use in Concrete”.

(1) Concrete in contact with sulfate soil, which is deleterious to normal cement, shall conform to the requirements in Clause 4.1.1.6. of CSA A23.1, “Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction”.

(1) Aggregates shall, (a) consist of sand, gravel, crushed rock, crushed air-cooled blast furnace slag, expanded shale or expanded clay conforming to CSA A23.1, “Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction”, and (b) be clean, well-graded and free of injurious amounts of organic and other deleterious material.

(1) Water shall be clean and free of injurious amounts of oil, organic matter, sediment or any other deleterious material.

(1) Except as provided elsewhere in this Part, the compressive strength of unreinforced concrete after 28 days shall be not less than, (a) 32 MPa for garage floors, carport floors and all exterior flatwork, (b) 20 MPa for interior floors other than those for garages and carports, and (c) 15 MPa for all other applications. (2) Site-batched concrete used for garage floors, carport floors and exterior flatwork shall have air entrainment of 5 to 8%.

(1) For pre-mixed concrete and for the site-batched concrete mixes described in Table 9.3.1.7., the maximum ratio of water to cementing materials measured by weight shall not exceed, (a) 0.45 for garage floors, carport floors and all exterior flatwork, (b) 0.65 for interior floors other than those for garages and carports, and (c) 0.70 for all other applications. (2) The size of aggregate in unreinforced site-batched concrete mixes referred to in Sentence (1) shall not exceed, (a) 1/5 the distance between the sides of vertical forms, or (b) 1/3 the thickness of flatwork.

(1) Admixtures shall conform to ASTM C260 / C260M, “Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete”, or ASTM C494 / C494M, “Chemical Admixtures for Concrete”, as applicable.

(1) When the air temperature is below 5°C , concrete shall be, (a) kept at a temperature of not less than 10°C or more than 25°C while being mixed and placed, and (b) maintained at a temperature of not less than 10°C for 72 h after placing. (2) No frozen material or ice shall be used in concrete described in Sentence (1).